R E F E R E N C E S

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BOOKS
Garcia Sebastian, Margarita; Gatell Arimont, Cristina & Risques Corbella, Manel. “Llibre d’Història
d’Espanya de Segon de Batxillerat”. Barcelona: VicensVives, 2016. :
It explains the integration of Spain into NATO.
Ismay, Lord "Nato : the first five years, 1949-1954 ", 2001:
The first years of the organizations and the main issues it faced.
Preston, Paul and Smyth, Denis. "España ante la CEE y la OTAN". Barcelona: Grijalbo, 1985:
The paper of Spain in the NATO.
Hoffenaar, Jan. Introduction: The Plans of the Plans of the Warsaw Pact and NATO.
Foreign Military Studies. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2012
J.Collins, Brian. “NATO: A guide to the issues”. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2011:
This book is an introduction to the current situation of NATO as an international organization and
the issues that faces from a geopolitical and military point of view
ACADEMIC JOURNALS
Correig i Blanchar, Antoni Mª. “El Naixement de L’OTAN i El Pacte de Varsòvia”. Reus: Revista del
Centre de Lectura de Reus, 1972. : The very beginning of the organization and its main rival, the
Warsaw Pact
Drevet, J.-F. “Can Europe Always Count on NATO?” Futuribles: Analyse et Prospective 2016, no.
411: 85–93. : A study on the continent’s relationship with the Alliance over the years, in the present,
and also the future

E. Brown, Michael. “Una OTAN Minimalista.” Estudios de Política Exterior SA, 1999. :
The organization’s situation nowadays, and the problems they have to face

García, J. “The European Union and NATO in the New Global Strategy of the European Union.
” UNISCI Discussion Papers 2016, no. 42: 217–40. : NATO and EU new challenges during the modern
era and their joint strategy to be able to face them.

Linares, Angel. “La Adhesión de España a La OTAN: Notas Para Una Revisión Crítica.
” Historia Actual Online 2013, Vol 0, no. 32: 23-30. : A critical look, from the today’s perspective, to
how the process of Spain entering NATO took place in 1982

WEBSITES
“España en la OTAN.” exteriores.gob.es
Spain's paper in the NATO

“NATO ORGANIZATION”, nato.int
It lists all the organization that have any relation with the Alliance and specifies which is the nature
of said relation.

“North Atlantic Treaty”. state.gov
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/81563.pdf (retrieved 10/18/2018) :
 The document shows a list of the members of the OTAN and a brief story of its foundation

Masters, Jonathan.  “The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)”. cfr.org
(retrieved 10/18/2018) :
It’s the Council on Foreign Relations’ take on what are the essential-to-know facts about NATO

“What is NATO”, nato.int
Official .pdf from NATO explaining its origins and renovated goals in the modern era
“WHO'S WHO?”, nato.int
It contains the list of most important officials and personalities within NATO’s ranks and staff.

DATABASES/ MULTIMEDIA
Cuddington, Danielle. “Support for NATO is widespread among member nations”. Pew Research Center.
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/06/support-for-nato-is-widespread-among-member-nations/
(retrieved 10/19/2018) : This document provides information and statistics of the popularity of NATO,
or the inversion in defense of some countries among other data.

“Main page”. globalfirepower.com
https://www.globalfirepower.com/  (retrieved 10/18/2018) :
It provides information on each nation's potential for war-making  across land, sea and air.

“NATO Multimedia Library: Databases”. natolibguides.info
http://www.natolibguides.info/library/find/databases (retrieved 10/20/2018) :
This is NATO’s online collection and library of multimedia databases on multiple subjects such as economics,
military reports, political ones...

NATO. “NATO: What is it, why does it still exist, and how does it work?”. youtube.com
This video is NATO’s own explanation of what it is, what are their goals and how does it work.

NATO. “1949 - NATO's Anxious Birth (Jamie Shea's History Class)”. youtube.com
A lecture about NATO’s history in commemoration of its 60th anniversary in 2009.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Abellán, Lucía and González, Miguel. “Ocho países de la OTAN gastarán el 2% del PIB en defensa
este año.” elpais.com
(retrieved 10/18/2018):
Spain’s budget in the army and international protection.

Crowthe, Phillip. “Trump threatens to quit NATO: White House official”. france24.com
https://www.france24.com/en/20170518-white-house-official-trump-threatens-leave-nato-usa-g7-
russia (retrieved 10/18/2018) : This article informs about the current situation between the Trump’s
administration and foreign policies department and its relations with NATO (currently in danger).

Kauffmann, Sylvie. “Trump, el busca-raons dels seus aliats”. ara.cat
(retrieved 10/21/2018) :
This article discusses the difficulties the european member states of NATO have dealing with Trump’s
administration and its demands

Macias, Amanda. “ The US spent $686 billion on defense last year — here’s how the other NATO
countries stack up.” cnbc.com
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/03/nato-spending-2017.html (retrieved 10/18/2018):
Differences between the USA and Spain’s budgets for the NATO
Portero Rodríguez, Florentino. “El Origen Del Sistema de Seguridad Europeo : La OTAN.”
Revista Cuenta y razón, Nº 22, págs. 49-62, 1986:

Review of the main events on NATO’s history and its evolution from its origins.

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NATO is articulated in 3 different branches: The civilian structure: is composed by all politicians, counselors and scientists that give shape to the commandment center and decision-making and crisis-management departments of the organization. Their goal is the promotion of democratic values and cooperation among all members states, and to build trust so that conflicts may be prevented and global peace maintained. Also, to guarantee the freedom and security of the every day to day lives of the population of all its members. The militar structure: is the one responsible for the development of defence plans and intervention strategies on the armed conflicts that the Organization sees fit to be involved in, if diplomatic efforts were to fail to peacefully solve the situation. It has to coordinate the forces and assets of all different members and be able to evaluate how to proceed in said conflicts in the best way possible to achieve the most satisfactory results in each case...
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I N T R O D U C T I O N

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Since its foundation in 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO / OTAN), or the North Atlantic Alliance, has had the goal of implementing and enforcing the North Atlantic Treaty, or Washington Treaty, that was signed on 4th April 1949 by its first 12 founding members. Although NATO was first put together having in mind a possible armed attack during the Cold War by the Soviet Union against Western Europe, and was designed to serve as a politico-militar coalition between countries in Europe and North America that would be able to prevent that kind of aggression from taking place, this attack never happened and the mutual self-defense clause contemplated in Article 5, the main section of the accord, by which all members states are required to come to the aid of any of its members states who’s being subject to an armed attack, wasn’t invoked until after the 9/11 attacks, and never has been again. This way, this alliance that at first started with the sole purpose of...
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